1/16/2015
Time; 5;PM
Continuation 31 : Politics, Parties, And Elections In America
ترجمـــــــــــــة: القمــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبري
31
Throughout the period since the 1930s, the Republican party has remained the minority party. At least twice, after electoral disasters in 1936 and 1964, it was written off by political commentators as terminally ill. Its obituaries were prepared prematurely, however, because each time the party staged a timely comeback demonstrating the resiliencey of two party competition in the United States. In 1952, republicans used a strategy long favored by minority parties to help them win the presidency and Congress. Like the Whigs of 1840 and 1848, the GOP nominated a national hero, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the charismatic commander of Allies forces in Europe during World War II. Running on the slogan "I like Ike," the Republicans made major inroads into all elements of the new Deal coalition, while holding the traditional Republican vote. Particularly noteworthy was Eisenhower's support in the heretofore solidly Democratic South, where he carried such states of the old confederacy as Virginia, Texas, Florida, and Tennessee. The Eisenhower years proved to be a period of consolidation in American politics. The new Republican administration and Congress did not move to repeal the policies of the new deal. Rather, they accepted the New Deal programs and made only minor modifications. With this Republican acceptance, the Roosevelt new Deal legacy ceased to be the divisive force in American politics that it had been . One of Eisenhower's Republican successors, Ronald Reagan, could even be heard praising and quoting Roosevelt in the 1980s.
Running on a theme of "Peace and Prosperity," Eisenhower swept to an ever more overwhelming victory in 1956. The election, however, confirmed the continuing minority status of the GOP, which lost seats in the Houses and Senate despite the landslide election of the President. The normal Democratic majority reasserted itself in 1960 and 1964 with the elections of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The huge congressional majorities which Johnson carried into office with him in 1964 enabled the party to enact his Great Society programs-a massive expansion of social welfare assistance, which was carried out largely through extensive grant-in-aid programs to state and local governments. after the Democrats' landslide win of 1964, however, the divisions within the Democratic party intensified as the party split over such issues the race relations, the Vietnam war, defense policy, crime and civil disorder, and social policy.
Time; 5;PM
Continuation 31 : Politics, Parties, And Elections In America
ترجمـــــــــــــة: القمــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبري
31
Throughout the period since the 1930s, the Republican party has remained the minority party. At least twice, after electoral disasters in 1936 and 1964, it was written off by political commentators as terminally ill. Its obituaries were prepared prematurely, however, because each time the party staged a timely comeback demonstrating the resiliencey of two party competition in the United States. In 1952, republicans used a strategy long favored by minority parties to help them win the presidency and Congress. Like the Whigs of 1840 and 1848, the GOP nominated a national hero, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the charismatic commander of Allies forces in Europe during World War II. Running on the slogan "I like Ike," the Republicans made major inroads into all elements of the new Deal coalition, while holding the traditional Republican vote. Particularly noteworthy was Eisenhower's support in the heretofore solidly Democratic South, where he carried such states of the old confederacy as Virginia, Texas, Florida, and Tennessee. The Eisenhower years proved to be a period of consolidation in American politics. The new Republican administration and Congress did not move to repeal the policies of the new deal. Rather, they accepted the New Deal programs and made only minor modifications. With this Republican acceptance, the Roosevelt new Deal legacy ceased to be the divisive force in American politics that it had been . One of Eisenhower's Republican successors, Ronald Reagan, could even be heard praising and quoting Roosevelt in the 1980s.
Running on a theme of "Peace and Prosperity," Eisenhower swept to an ever more overwhelming victory in 1956. The election, however, confirmed the continuing minority status of the GOP, which lost seats in the Houses and Senate despite the landslide election of the President. The normal Democratic majority reasserted itself in 1960 and 1964 with the elections of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The huge congressional majorities which Johnson carried into office with him in 1964 enabled the party to enact his Great Society programs-a massive expansion of social welfare assistance, which was carried out largely through extensive grant-in-aid programs to state and local governments. after the Democrats' landslide win of 1964, however, the divisions within the Democratic party intensified as the party split over such issues the race relations, the Vietnam war, defense policy, crime and civil disorder, and social policy.
31
خلال الفترة منذ الثلاثينات، بقى الحزب الجمهوري حزب الأقلية. على الأقل مرّتين، بعد الكوارث الإنتخابية في 1936 و1964، وكتبت بتهاون من قبل المعلّقين السياسيين مثل الاصابة بمرض عضال. خبر وفاتهم هيأت قبل الأوان، على أية حال، لأن في كلّ مرحلة نظم الحزب العودة في الوقت المناسب تبين مرونة منافسة الحزبين في الولايات المتّحدة. في 1952، استخدم الجمهوريون إستراتيجية فضّلت لمدة طويلة من قبل الاحزاب الاقلية لمساعدتهم يفوزون بالرئاسة والكونجرس. مثل ويجز من 1840 و1848، رشح الحزب الجمهوري بطل وطني، الجنرال دوايت دي . آيزنهاور، ذو الموهبة القيادية للحلفاء في أوروبا أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. في حملة بشعار "أحبّ آيك، " قام الجمهوريين بغارات رئيسية علي كلّ عناصر تحالف الصفقة الجديدة، بينما تمسكت بحصّة الصوت الجمهوري التقليدي. ملاحظة بارزة جدا بأن كان تاييد آيزنهاور في الجنوب الديمقراطي أدناه بشكل صلب، حيث حمل مثل هذه الولايات من الفدرالية القديم كفرجينيا، تكساس، فلوريدا، وتينيسي. أثبتت سنوات آيزنهاور لكي تكون فترة الاندماج في السياسات الأمريكية. الإدارة والكونجرس الجمهوري الجديدة لم تتحرّك لإبطال سياسات الصفقة الجديدة . بالأحرى، قبلوا برامج الصفقة الجديدة وجعلت تعديلات بسيطة فقط. بهذا القبول الجمهوري، توقّف تراث صفقة روزفيلت الجديدة عن أن تكون القوة الخلافية في السياسات الأمريكية كما كانت. أحد ورثة آيزنهاور الجمهوريون، رونالد ريغان، يمكن أن يسمع وهو يمدح و حتى إقتباس روزفيلت في الثمانينات.
الوقوف وراء موضوع الحملة "السلام والازدهار، " كسح آيزنهاور حتي إلى إنتصار ساحق في 1956. الإنتخاب، على أية حال، أكّد منزلة الأقلية المستمرة للحزب الجمهوري، التي فقدت المقاعد في مجلس النواب ومجلس الشيوخ على الرغم من الإنتخاب الساحق للرئيس. أعادت الأغلبية الديمقراطية العادية تأكيد نفسها في 1960 1964 بإنتخابات جون إف . كندي ولندون بي . جونسن. الأغلبيات الضخمة في الكونجرس التي جونسن حمل معه الي المنصب في 1964 مكّن الحزب لتشريع البرامج الاجتماعي العظيم- التوسّع الهائل من مساعدة الرفاهية الإجتماعية، الذي نفّذ بشكل كبير خلال برامج منحة المساعدة الشاملة إلى الحكومات في الولايات والاقاليم . بعد الفوز الساحق للديمقراطيين 1964، على أية حال، اشتدت الإنقسامات ضمن الحزب الديمقراطي بينما الحزب إنشقّ على القضايا مثل هذه ، العلاقات العرقية، حرب فيتنام وسياسة الدفاع والجريمة وإلاضطرابات المدنية ، والسياسة إلاجتماعية.
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