Politics, Parties, And Elections In America- John. F. Bibby - ترجمة القمبري
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The Third Party System, 1856-1896; Ascendant republicans versus Democrats
Culturally and economically the South became increasingly distinct from the rest of the nation during the 1840s and 1850s. While abolitionist sentiment gained support in the North, demonstrating the force of a compelling moral issue, the South continued to harbor the institution of slavery. In addition, the two regions' economies were developing quite differently. The South concentrated almost exclusively on agriculture, especially cotton, while the North was becoming more industrial, urban, and mixed in its ethnic composition. In addition, the population and wealth of the North were growing at a much more rapid rate than those of the South. These economic and cultural differences inevitably led to political conflicts over the direction of national policy. The sectional rivalries created by those differences came into their sharpest conflict because of the ceaseless westward expansion of the nation. Western settlement required the Congress and the parties to confront the issues of whether slavery would be permitted in the territories and whether the new states would be admitted as slave or free states. Any change in the number of free and slave states threatened to upset the delicate balance of power in the national government. Both the Whigs and Democrats were unable to reconcile the sectional conflicts with their ranks and as a result the electorate went through a major realignment in the 1850s and 1860s
The Democrats' situation was made difficult by the powerful position occupied by its southern wing. In Congress, the Democrats were dominated by southerners determined to maintain the institution of slavery and protect the political position of the South by insisting that the balance of free and slave states not be upset when new states were admitted to the Union. The South was also strengthened by the two-thirds rule used by the Democratic national nominating conventions. This procedure guaranteed the South a veto over the selection of presidential nominees. As a result, the party could only agree to nominate weak "neutralist" or "doughface" candidates like Franklin Pierce [1852] and James Buchanan [1856]. With weak presidents and a southern led Congress, it was not possible for the government to resolve the slavery issue.
24
The Third Party System, 1856-1896; Ascendant republicans versus Democrats
Culturally and economically the South became increasingly distinct from the rest of the nation during the 1840s and 1850s. While abolitionist sentiment gained support in the North, demonstrating the force of a compelling moral issue, the South continued to harbor the institution of slavery. In addition, the two regions' economies were developing quite differently. The South concentrated almost exclusively on agriculture, especially cotton, while the North was becoming more industrial, urban, and mixed in its ethnic composition. In addition, the population and wealth of the North were growing at a much more rapid rate than those of the South. These economic and cultural differences inevitably led to political conflicts over the direction of national policy. The sectional rivalries created by those differences came into their sharpest conflict because of the ceaseless westward expansion of the nation. Western settlement required the Congress and the parties to confront the issues of whether slavery would be permitted in the territories and whether the new states would be admitted as slave or free states. Any change in the number of free and slave states threatened to upset the delicate balance of power in the national government. Both the Whigs and Democrats were unable to reconcile the sectional conflicts with their ranks and as a result the electorate went through a major realignment in the 1850s and 1860s
The Democrats' situation was made difficult by the powerful position occupied by its southern wing. In Congress, the Democrats were dominated by southerners determined to maintain the institution of slavery and protect the political position of the South by insisting that the balance of free and slave states not be upset when new states were admitted to the Union. The South was also strengthened by the two-thirds rule used by the Democratic national nominating conventions. This procedure guaranteed the South a veto over the selection of presidential nominees. As a result, the party could only agree to nominate weak "neutralist" or "doughface" candidates like Franklin Pierce [1852] and James Buchanan [1856]. With weak presidents and a southern led Congress, it was not possible for the government to resolve the slavery issue.
نظام الحزب الثالث، 1856-1896؛ الجمهوريون الصاعدون مقابل الديمقراطيين
أصبح الجنوب ثقافيا وإقتصاديا متميّز جدا عن بقيّة الأمة أثناء 1840 و1850 . بينما كسب نصير ابطال الاسترقاق دعما في الشمال، طارحين القوة لقضية أخلاقية مهمّة، واصل الجنوب إيواء مؤسسة العبودية. بالإضافة، إقتصادايا المنطقتين كانتا تطوّران تماما بشكل مختلف. ركّز الجنوب تقريبا بشكل خاص على الزراعة، خصوصا القطن، بينما كانت الشمال تصبح أكثر صناعية ، حضارية ، وإختلاط في تركيبه العرقي. بالإضافة، كان السكان والثروة في الشمال تنمو بنسبة سريعة أكثر بكثير من أولئك في الجنوب. هذه الإختلافات الإقتصادية والثقافية أدّت إلى نزاعات سياسية بشكل حتمي بالنسبة الي سير إتّجاه السياسة الوطنية. التنافسات المقطعية خلقت بتلك الإختلافات وصلت إلى نزاعهم الحاد بسبب التوسّع الغربي المستمر للأمة. طالبت المستوطنة الغربية الكونجرس والاحزاب لمواجهة قضايا سواء العبودية ستسمح لها في الأراضي وسواء الولايات الجديدة ستعترف بها كولايات عبيد {مثل العرب والمسلمين،} أم أو ولايات أحرار. أيّ تغيير في اعداد الولايات العبيد أو الاحرار يهدد التوازن الدقيق للسلطة في الحكومة الوطنية. كلا من الويجز والديمقراطيون كانوا غير قادرتين على المصالحة للنزاعات المقطعية ضمن رتبهم وكنتيجة مرّ الناخبون بإعادة تنظيم رئيسية في 1850 و1860 .
كانت حالة الديمقراطيين صعبة بسبب الموقع القوي المحتل بجناحه الجنوبي. في الكونجرس، الديمقراطيون سيطروا عليهم من قبل الجنوبيين صمّموا على إبقاء مؤسسة العبودية وحماية الموقع السياسي للجنوب من خلال اصرار بأنّ ميزان الولايات الحرة وولايات العبيد لا يجب ان يخل عندما تنظم ولايات جديدة إلى الإتحاد. كان الجنوب أيضا تزعمت بسبب قانون الثلثي المستخدمة من قبل اتفاقيات ترشيح الوطن الديمقراطي . هذا الإجراء ضمنت الجنوب النقض على إختيار المرشّحون للرئاسة. كنتيجة، الحزب يمكن أن يوافق فقط على ترشيح "المحايد " الضعيف أو دف فيس ( شخص من الشمال الولايات يتابع الجنوب في قضية العبيد ) المرشّحو مثل فرانكلين بيرز [1852] وجيمس بيوكانان [1856]. مع الرؤساء الضعفاء وقيادة الجنوبي الكونجرس، لم يكن ممكنا للحكومة أن تحل قضية العبودية.
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