274-275
11
Ethics, Rationality, and Religion
1
Introduction
Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread-or more disastrous in its effects-than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced for the belief in a god. Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy; and perhaps the strongest psychological bond to religion is the conviction held implicitly by many people, that to abandon theism is to abandon morality as well.
275,2
This identification of ethics with religion has no basis in fact, and few theologians care to defend such as position explicitly. It functions, instead, as a kind of underlying assumption, apparently in the hope that if it goes unstated, it will also go unchallenged. However, not only are religion and ethics distinct spheres, but a theological approach to ethics, a moral theory based on divine will, is inimical to human life and happiness-and thus negates
the foundation of rational ethics. In this chapter and in the one that follows, we shall examine the basic form of religious morality, as well as its specific content as manifested in Christianity. And we shall see how it is profoundly antilife, especially in terms of its psychological effects.
11
Ethics, Rationality, and Religion
1
Introduction
Among the many myths associated with religion, none is more widespread-or more disastrous in its effects-than the myth that moral values cannot be divorced for the belief in a god. Perhaps the most common criticism of atheism is the claim that it leads inevitably to moral bankruptcy; and perhaps the strongest psychological bond to religion is the conviction held implicitly by many people, that to abandon theism is to abandon morality as well.
275,2
This identification of ethics with religion has no basis in fact, and few theologians care to defend such as position explicitly. It functions, instead, as a kind of underlying assumption, apparently in the hope that if it goes unstated, it will also go unchallenged. However, not only are religion and ethics distinct spheres, but a theological approach to ethics, a moral theory based on divine will, is inimical to human life and happiness-and thus negates
the foundation of rational ethics. In this chapter and in the one that follows, we shall examine the basic form of religious morality, as well as its specific content as manifested in Christianity. And we shall see how it is profoundly antilife, especially in terms of its psychological effects.
11
الأخلاقيات، المنطق ، والدين
1
المقدمة
بين العديد من الأساطير إرتبطت بالدين، لا شيئ أكثر انتشارا- أكثر كارثية في تأثيراتها -من الأسطورة بأن لا يمكن للقيم الأخلاقية أن تنفصل من الإعتقاد في الله. ربما النقد الأكثر شيوعا للالحاد الإدّعاء بأن تقود حتما إلى الإفلاس الأخلاقي؛ وربما الرابطة النفسية الأقوى إلى الدين يعتبر الايمان، اعتبرت ضمنيا من قبل العديد من الناس، بترك الإيمان بالله أن تترك مبادىء أخلاقية أيضا.
275,2
هذا التعريف من الأخلاق بالدين ليس له قاعدة في الحقيقة، وبضعة علماء الدين يهتمّون بالدفاع مثل هذا الموقع بشكل واضح. يعمل ، بدلا من ذلك، كنوع من تحت وقع فرضية، على ما يبدو على أمل أنّ إذا يذهب من غير ذكر ، كذلك سيذهب بدون تحدي . على أية حال، ليس فقط يعتبر مجالات المتميزه للدين والاخلاق ، لكن النظرة لاهوتية إلى الأخلاق ، النظرية ألاخلاقية المستندة على المشيئة الالهيه، عدائي إلى الحياة والسعادة الإنسانية وبالتالي ينفي مؤسسة الأخلاق العقلانية. في هذا الفصل وفي الفصل القادم ، نحن سنلقي الضوء علي الشكل الأساسي للمبادىء الأخلاقية الدينية، بالإضافة إلى محتواها المعيّن كما ظهرت في المسيحية. ونحن سنرى كيف يكون ضدّ الحياة بشكل كبير، خصوصا من ناحية آثاره النفسية.
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