1/18/2015
Time; 3;17PM
Continuation 32; Politics, Parties, And Elections In America
John F. Bibby
ترجمة : القمـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبري
32
The Sixth Party System; 1968-? The Post-New Deal Era-Weakened Partisanship, Candidate-Centered Politics, and Divided Government.
The period from 1956 through 1968 was a transition period into a post-New Deal party system. Between 1952, and 1964, there was little change in the aggregate distribution of partisanship among the electorate. This steady state of electoral partisanship, however, underwent significant changes during the mid to late 1960s. Among the significant changes were the following: (1) black voters increased their political participation levels and increased their affiliation with Democratic party, resulting in the virtual disappearance of Republican identification as Democratic presidents endorsed civil rights legislation and the 1964 GOP presidential nominee, Barry Goldwater, opposed it, (2) partisanship declined as more voters identified themselves as independents and tended not to see the relevance of parties, (3) white southerners, once a mainstay of the Democratic electoral coalition, moved into the Republican fold; and (4) support for the Democrats declined among its other traditional support groups such as Catholics and blue collar workers.19 In addition, television, an information source that tends to discourage rather than encourage stable party loyalties, became the dominant campaign medium.20
The coming together of these forces in the 1960s helped to create and institutionalize, in the 1980 and 1990s, a candidate centered party system,, in which neither the Republicans nor the Democrats constituted a true majority party, and voters were heavily guided by candidate appeals. The Democrats lost the majority status they had from the New Deal to President Lyndon Jonson's Great Society era in the early 1960s, and the Republicans, while having staged a comeback, were not able to pick up the majority party mantle from the Democrats.
Time; 3;17PM
Continuation 32; Politics, Parties, And Elections In America
John F. Bibby
ترجمة : القمـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــبري
32
The Sixth Party System; 1968-? The Post-New Deal Era-Weakened Partisanship, Candidate-Centered Politics, and Divided Government.
The period from 1956 through 1968 was a transition period into a post-New Deal party system. Between 1952, and 1964, there was little change in the aggregate distribution of partisanship among the electorate. This steady state of electoral partisanship, however, underwent significant changes during the mid to late 1960s. Among the significant changes were the following: (1) black voters increased their political participation levels and increased their affiliation with Democratic party, resulting in the virtual disappearance of Republican identification as Democratic presidents endorsed civil rights legislation and the 1964 GOP presidential nominee, Barry Goldwater, opposed it, (2) partisanship declined as more voters identified themselves as independents and tended not to see the relevance of parties, (3) white southerners, once a mainstay of the Democratic electoral coalition, moved into the Republican fold; and (4) support for the Democrats declined among its other traditional support groups such as Catholics and blue collar workers.19 In addition, television, an information source that tends to discourage rather than encourage stable party loyalties, became the dominant campaign medium.20
The coming together of these forces in the 1960s helped to create and institutionalize, in the 1980 and 1990s, a candidate centered party system,, in which neither the Republicans nor the Democrats constituted a true majority party, and voters were heavily guided by candidate appeals. The Democrats lost the majority status they had from the New Deal to President Lyndon Jonson's Great Society era in the early 1960s, and the Republicans, while having staged a comeback, were not able to pick up the majority party mantle from the Democrats.
32
نظام الحزب السادس؛ 1968 -؟ بعد الصفقة الجديدة- اضعفت المحازبة ، تمركز-سياسة المرشّح، والحكومة المنقسمة.
الفترة من الـ1956 حتّى نهاية 1968 كانت فترة إنتقالية إلى نظام ما بعد - حزب الصفقة الجديد. بين 1952، و1964، كان هناك تغييرا ضئيلا في التوزيع الكلي من المحازبة بين الناخبين. هذه الحالة الثابتة للتحيّز الإنتخابي، على أية حال، مرّ بالتغييرات الهامّة خلال الوسط إلى أواخر الستّينات. بين التغييرات الهامّة كانت مايلي: (1) ازدادت حصص ناخبي السود إشتراكهم السياسية وزادت إنتسابهم بالحزب الديمقراطي، ادت إلى الإختفاء الإفتراضي للتعريف الجمهوري بينما قام رؤساء ديمقراطيين بتأييد تشريع الحقوق المدني والمرشّح للرئاسة الحزب الجمهوري 1964، باري غولدواتر، عارضه، (2) هبط التحيّز بينما عرف الناخبون انفسهم أكثر كالمستقلين وأداروا ظهورهم أن لا يرو صلتهم مع الاحزاب ، (3) الجنوبيون البيض، في مرة من المرات كانوا الركن ألاساسي من التحالف الإنتخابي الديمقراطي، انتقلوا الي تحرّك إلى قطيع الجمهورية؛ و(4) وانخفض التأييد للديمقراطيين من بين المجموعات التقليدية الأخرى مثل الكاثوليك والعمّال الكادحين .19 بالإضافة، التلفزيون، مصدر المعلومات التي مالت الي تثبيط عزيمة بدلا من تشجيع استقرار الولاء الحزبي ، أصبح المهيمن الوسيط في الحملة .20
مجيئ سوية هذه النفوذ في الستّينات ساعدت لخلق وتأسيس، في الـ1980 والتسعينيات , مركزية نظام حزب المرشح،، الذي فيه لا الجمهوريون ولا الديمقراطيون شكّلوا حزب أغلبية حقيقية، ووجهوا الناخبون بشدّة بنداءات المرشّح. فقد الديمقراطيون منزلة الأغلبية التي كانت لديهم من الصفقة الجديدة خلال عصر المجتمع العظيم للرئيس جانسون في أوائل الستّينات، والجمهوريون، بينما نظمت العودة، لم تكن قادرة على إلتقاط عباءة حزب الأغلبية من الديمقراطيين.
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