293,1
Because man is free to choose his actions, because he is not biologically programmed to act in a given manner, he requires a code of values-a system of principles to direct his choices. Man's volitiona nature necessitates that he choose to think and act in order to survive.
293,2
Man's purposive nature means that man is goal-directed, that he is not(and cannot be) bound to perceptual, range-of -the moment responses. Since man is faced with alternatives, and since he is free to choose among them, if he conceptualizes his choice he must think in terms of purpose. A value preference (as it applies to and motivates human action) necessarily implies a goal or end-namely, the object, process or state that is valued.
293,3
To summarize these three elements; man's conceptual capacity is his ability to think in terms of principles; man's volition necessitates that he think in terms of principles; and man's purposiveness determines the content of those principles.
293,4
It is not enough for a man to know only of the abstract role of principles in human survival; one must be able to determine concretely, within the context of one's own life, how to achieve the values required for one's physical and mental well-being. If man is to achieve goals, he must have some method of predicting which actions are conducive to those goals. This is the function of standards. A standard is a principle used to predict the consequences of one's actions.
293,4
As a predictive principle, a standard directs a man's choices, thus providing the essential link between action and the acquisition of desired values. A rational morality is one that recognizes the crucial role of standards in human survival, a morality based on man's need to attain values consonant with his nature.
Because man is free to choose his actions, because he is not biologically programmed to act in a given manner, he requires a code of values-a system of principles to direct his choices. Man's volitiona nature necessitates that he choose to think and act in order to survive.
293,2
Man's purposive nature means that man is goal-directed, that he is not(and cannot be) bound to perceptual, range-of -the moment responses. Since man is faced with alternatives, and since he is free to choose among them, if he conceptualizes his choice he must think in terms of purpose. A value preference (as it applies to and motivates human action) necessarily implies a goal or end-namely, the object, process or state that is valued.
293,3
To summarize these three elements; man's conceptual capacity is his ability to think in terms of principles; man's volition necessitates that he think in terms of principles; and man's purposiveness determines the content of those principles.
293,4
It is not enough for a man to know only of the abstract role of principles in human survival; one must be able to determine concretely, within the context of one's own life, how to achieve the values required for one's physical and mental well-being. If man is to achieve goals, he must have some method of predicting which actions are conducive to those goals. This is the function of standards. A standard is a principle used to predict the consequences of one's actions.
293,4
As a predictive principle, a standard directs a man's choices, thus providing the essential link between action and the acquisition of desired values. A rational morality is one that recognizes the crucial role of standards in human survival, a morality based on man's need to attain values consonant with his nature.
293,1
لأن الرجل حرّ لإختيار أفعاله، لأنه لم يبرمج حيويا للتصرّف وفق إسلوب معطى، يحتاج الي رمز للقيم - نظام المبادئ لتوجيه إختياراته. طبيعة ارادة الرجل تستوجب بأنّ يختار أن يفكر ويتصرف لاجل البقاء .
293,2
تعني طبيعة الرجل الهادفة بأنّ الرجل هدف-موجهه، بأنّه ليس (ولا يمكن أن يكون) متجها إلى مفهومية ، مدى ردود اللحظة. منذ أن يواجه الرجل البدائل، ومنذ أن كان حرّ للإختيار بينهم، إذا هو يختار مفوميته يجب عليه أن يفكر من ناحية الغايه . القيمة التفضيليه (كما يتم تطبيقه للعمل الانساني ويحفّز اليه ) تدل بالضرورة الي هدف أو نهاية - بمعني ، الجسم أو عملية أو حالة الذي يتم تقييمه .
293,3
لتلخيص هذه العناصر الثلاثة؛ امكانية الرجل التصورية تعتبر قدرته للإعتقاد من ناحية المبادئ؛ إرادة الرجل تستوجب بأنّه يعتقد من ناحية المبادئ؛ ويقرّر غايات الرجل محتوى تلك المبادئ.
293,4
لن يكون كافيا للرجل فقط لمعرفة الدور المجرّد للمبادئ في البقاء الإنساني؛ يجب علي المرء أن يكون قادر على أن يقرر بشكل حاسم، ضمن سياق حياته الخاصة، كيف يقوم بانجاز القيم التي تتطلب لحياته الجسمانية والعقلانية . إذا اراد الرجل أن ينجز غايته ، يجب أن يكون لديه بعض الوسائل للتوقّع أيّ أعمال باعثة على تلك الأهداف. هذه وظيفة المعايير. المعيار مبدأ يستخدم للتوقّع بنتائج أعماله.
293,4
كمبدأ تنبؤي، يوجه المعيار إختيارات الرجل، بالتالي يزوّد الوصلة الضرورية بين العمل وإستملاك القيم المطلوبة. مبادىء ألاخلاقية العقلانية تكون الواحدة التي تعرف الدور الحاسم للمعايير في البقاء الإنساني ، المبادىء ألاخلاقية المستندة على حاجة الرجل لإنجاز القيم التي تتلائم طبيعته.
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