6,1
6,2
اثناء شهورِهم في باريس، كان علي صانعو السلام انجاز الكثير؛ معاهدة السلام مَع ألمانيا وارساء القواعد
للسلامِ مَع النمسا وهنغاريا وبلغاريا. رسموا
حدودا جديدةَ؛ عبر منتصف أوروبا والشرق الأوسط. مُعظم عملِهم، لم يدم في
الحقيقة . قال الناس في ذلك الوقت، كما يقولون من ذلك الحين، بأن استغرق صانعوا السلام وقتاً طويلاً وبأنّهم أخطؤوا. أَصْبَحَ امرا معتادا القول بأن تسويات السلامَ
في سنة 1919 كَانتْ فاشله، وقادت
مباشرة إلى الحرب العالمية الثانيةِ بسبب زيادة تقدير نفوذهم .
6,3
كان هناك حقيقتان في دنيا 1919 ولم
تتلاقا دائماً. كانت واحده في باريس والآخرو علي الأرضِ، حيثما يصوغ الناس قراراتَهم الخاصةَ
ويُحاربونَ معاركَهم الخاصةَ. في الواقع، كان لدي صانعو السلام الجيوشُ والقوات البحرية،
لكن حيثما كان هناك بِضْع خطوط لسككِك حديديه
أو طرقِ أَو موانئِ، كما في داخلِ
آسيا الصغرى أَو القوقاز، تحريك قواتَهم كَانتْ بطيئةَ ومرهقةَ. لم تكن الطائرات الجديدة كبيرة أو صلبه بما فيها الكفايةَ كي تَمْلأَ تلك
الفجوة. في مركزِ أوروبا، حيث وضعت المسارات
، إنهيار النظام يعني بأن، حتى إذا كانت
المحرّكات والسياراتِ متوفرة، الوقود لم يكن كذلك . ' حقَّاً إنَّها من غير
الفائده أنتهاك حرمة هذه الدوله الصغيره أَو تلك '، هنري ويلسون Wilson،
أحد الأذكى من بين الجنرالاتِ البريطانيينِ، أخبر لويد جورج. " أساس الشرِّ
بأن ميثاق باريس لا يجري' 5
6,1
The
peacemakers also represented their own countries, and, since most of these were
democracies, they had to heed their own pubic opinion. They were bound to think
ahead to the next election and to weigh the costs of appeasing or alienating important
sections of opinion. They were thus not completely free agents. And the sense
that all the old boundaries were up in the air was tempting. It was a time to
bring out the old demands and the new ones. The British and the French quietly
agreed to divide the Middle East. The Italians blocked the demands of the new
Yugoslavia because they did not want a strong neighbour . Clemenceau complained
to a colleague; 'It is much easier to make war than peac.'4
6,2
In
their months in Paris the peacemakers were to achieve much; a peace treaty with
Germany and the bases for peace with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. They drew
new borders; though the middle of Europe and the Middle East. Much of their
work, it is true, did not last. People said at the time, as they have ever
since, that the peacemakers took too long and that they got it wrong. It has become a commonplace to say that the
peace settlements of 1919 were a failure, that they led directly to the Second
World War. That is to overestimate their power.
6,3
There
were two realties in the world of 1919 and they did not always mesh. One was in
Paris and the other was on the ground, where people were making their own
decisions and fighting their own battles. True, the peacemakers had armies and
navies, but where there were few railways, roads or ports, as in the interior
of Asia Minor or the Caucasus, moving their forces was slow and laborious. The
new aircraft were not yet big enough or strong enough to fill that gap. In the
center of Europe, where the tracks were already laid, the collapse of order
meant that, even if engines and cars were available, the fuel was not. 'It really is no use abusing this or that
small state', Henry Wilson, one of the cleverest of the British generals, told
Lloyd George. "the root of evil is that the Paris writ does not run.'5
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